Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is not just a health intervention; it’s a powerful tool for cancer prevention.
The global prevalence of HPV infection in women with normal cytology is approximately 11-12%, with the highest rates observed in sub-Saharan Africa (24%), Eastern Europe (21%), and Latin America (16%).
In 2019, HPV was estimated to cause 620,000 new cancer cases in women and 70,000 in men globally. In 2022, cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women, with approximately 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths worldwide.
However, with widespread vaccination, approximately 33,700 of these cases could be prevented. The statistics are compelling, and the implications for countries like Nigeria, where cervical cancer is a major health concern, are profound.
A Stark Reality: Cervical Cancer in Nigeria
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among women in Nigeria and the second leading cause of cancer death among women aged 15 to 44. In 2020, cervical cancer was responsible for 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths globally, with Nigeria accounting for about 12,000 cases and over 8,000 deaths. Unfortunately, these numbers continue to rise each year, underscoring the urgent need for preventive measures.
A Historic Milestone in Nigeria’s Fight Against Cancer
In a groundbreaking move, Nigeria introduced the single-dose HPV vaccine into its routine immunization program in October 2023. This initiative marked a significant milestone in combating HPV-related cancers, particularly cervical cancer, which remains one of the leading causes of death among Nigerian women.
The vaccination campaign targeted girls aged 9 to 14 years, administering on them a single dose of the vaccine that is highly effective in preventing HPV types 16 and 18, which causes at least 70% of cervical cancer cases.
The first phase of the mass vaccination campaign lasted five days, covering 16 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), before integrating the vaccine into routine immunization schedules at healthcare facilities.
Sustaining the Vaccination Drive Through Collaborative Efforts
The Federal Ministry of Health, in collaboration with the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA), Gavi, UNICEF, WHO, and other partners, arw out there providing this vaccine free of charge.
This collaborative effort ensures that the vaccination program is sustainable and far-reaching. Following the successful first phase, the NPHCDA plans to roll out the second phase of the HPV vaccine in 21 additional states.
The Phase II of the vaccination campaign is set to launch on May 27, 2024, following a decision announced on May 18 during a meeting of the Nigeria Governors Forum (NGF) in Abuja.
This expansion is expected to significantly accelerate efforts to eliminate cervical cancer as a major public health issue in Nigeria.
UNICEF’s Role: Ensuring Access and Education
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has been a crucial partner in this initiative, procuring nearly 15 million HPV vaccines and providing essential logistical support for vaccination campaigns. UNICEF has also conducted readiness assessments, dispelled misinformation through educational materials, and ensured that all eligible girls, regardless of their circumstances, have access to the vaccine.
At a media dialogue in Lagos on May 24, 2024, Dr. Ijeoma Agbo, a health specialist with UNICEF, emphasized the severity of cervical cancer as the fourth most common cancer globally and the second most prevalent in Nigeria.
Also, a program director with UNICEF, Muhammed Okorie highlighted the importance of prevention in the vaccination campaign, stressing that the vaccine is vital for protecting young girls from future cancer risks.
Myths and Misconceptions Surrounding HPV Vaccination
While the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has proven to be an effective tool in preventing HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer, there are still misconceptions clogging its wheels.
Here are some of the most common myths and misconceptions about the HPV vaccine and provide factual information to dispel them.
●The HPV Vaccine Promotes Sexual Promiscuity
Fact: One of the most pervasive myths is that receiving the HPV vaccine encourages sexual activity among adolescents. Research has consistently shown that vaccination does not lead to increased sexual activity or earlier onset of sexual behavior. The vaccine is intended to protect against HPV infections, which can be acquired through any sexual contact, not to influence sexual behavior.
●Only Girls Need the HPV Vaccine
Fact: Initially, the HPV vaccine was primarily targeted at girls and young women because of its role in preventing cervical cancer. However, HPV also causes cancers of the throat, penis, anus, and other genital areas, which can affect boys and men. Vaccinating boys is crucial to preventing the spread of HPV and protecting against these cancers. Therefore, the HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls.
●The HPV Vaccine is Unsafe
Fact: Extensive research and ongoing monitoring have demonstrated that the HPV vaccine is safe. Side effects are generally mild and can include pain at the injection site, fever, dizziness, and nausea. Serious side effects are extremely rare. The benefits of vaccination in preventing cancer and other HPV-related diseases far outweigh the risks of potential side effects.
● The HPV Vaccine is Only Necessary for Sexually Active Individuals
Fact: The HPV vaccine is most effective when administered before any exposure to HPV, which is why it is recommended for preteens (ages 11-12) but can be given as early as age 9. Vaccination at this age ensures protection before individuals become sexually active. However, even those who are already sexually active can benefit from the vaccine, as it can protect against strains of HPV to which they have not yet been exposed.
● The HPV Vaccine is Not Effective
Fact: Studies have shown that the HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infections with the HPV types it targets. It significantly reduces the incidence of cervical cancer, genital warts, and other HPV-related diseases. Long-term studies indicate sustained protection and a substantial decrease in HPV infections among vaccinated populations.
●If I Get the HPV Vaccine, I Don’t Need Regular Pap Smears
Fact: While the HPV vaccine significantly reduces the risk of cervical cancer, it does not eliminate it entirely. Vaccinated women should still undergo regular Pap smears (or HPV tests) as recommended, because these screenings can detect precancerous changes and early-stage cancers that the vaccine might not prevent.
What Next?
As Nigeria prepares for the next phase of the HPV vaccination campaign, it is crucial to maintain momentum and ensure widespread awareness. The campaign is intentional about reaching all eligible girls, including those who may have been missed during the initial phase, providing them with the protection they need against HPV-related cancers.
The journey to eliminating cervical cancer in Nigeria is long, but with sustained efforts and robust vaccination programs, the country can make significant strides in reducing the burden of this preventable disease.
